Mohammed Alawi a phD student in Heriot-Watt University ,School Of Life Science Microbiology Department.

In this work, the aim is to study bacterial diversity of eggs. In the most recent research, the emphasis has been on development of techniques for molecular analysis, aimed at identifying viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria. For the purpose of the analysis, a method for direct isolation of the bacterial genomic DNA from eggshell rinse and egg content homogenate was successfully developed. PCR conditions for amplification of part of the 16SrDNA gene were then optimized. DNA fragments amplified using a high- fidelity enzyme, were ligated with a 5-T overhang vector, and cloned in Esherichia coli. Purified clones were obtained by growing them on LB agar containing a selectable marker. Plasmids were extracted from the clones, and the presence of cloned DNA was confirmed by digesting the plasmids with the restriction enzyme EcoRI. The preliminary results of sequencing clones have revealed sequences related to the 16SrDNA sequence of Psychrobacter spp.

Mahmoud Magdi Mohamed Elsayed Ali Abdou is a 3rd year medical student at Mansoura School of Medicine, Medical school, Eypgt.

Background>br> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA) is a strain of Staphylococcus Aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and thus is considerably dangerous. Aim(s)/Objective(s)
To evaluate the current level of knowledge of MRSA among medical students and para medical students given that health workers are vulnerable to catching the disease. Also to raise awareness of the risk factors for MRSA infection and the protective measures individuals and institutions can take. Method
This is a field study carried in the campus of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt. A stand has been divided into: a pre-survey, an awareness station and a post-survey. Students were asked to participate in the survey and were handed the pre-survey questionnaire. The students were asked to identify their gender, area of study and level of education. The questionnaire addressed basic facts about MRSA and how to prevent it, its route of transmission, risk of morbidity and mortality, treatments available and countries afflicted. The next station was an awareness station where a talk was given to students about MRSA in small groups. Brochures and educational videos were shown to them. Last station was post-survey; which had the same questionnaire as pre-survey. Results
were collected and analysed Results Out of 674 students surveyed, 534 acknowledged the prevention measures needed to prevent MRSA. 620 even knew how to diagnose it roughly by learning more about its complications. Moreover, after the post survey 545 students knew how to effectively attempt treating the MRSA. Discussion, and/or Conclusion
Involving health care workers through awareness to follow infection control measures to limit developing the spread of MRSA in hospital settings.

Bhagat Singh has completed his PhD at the age of 29 years from National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, Haryana, India. He is the Lecturer at College of Paramedical Sciences, UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Saifai, UP, India, a premier health service organization. He has published more than 7 papers in reputed journals, one international book Microbiology for Medical Sciences and has been serving as an editorial board member of international journals.

Multiple health promoting physiological functions was explored using bioactive peptide released under control condition from bovine milk. Enhanced production of peptides using Lactobacillus helveticus NCDC-288 was optmised. Multifunctional activities, antimicrobial, immune-modulation, anti-oxidative and Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of bioactive peptides was explored for promotion and maintaining human health. Bovine milk after fermentation with Lactobacillus helveticus NCDC-288 was centrifuged and subjected for gel filtration using sephadex G-25, further separation of peptides was carried out using Water’s HPLC double beam. Purified peptide fragments obtained from HPLC was hydrolyzed using 6NHCl it was dried under vacuum using waters PICO TAG workstation. Sample was derivatized using phenyl-isothiocynate (PITC) and injected into reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) system fitted with absorbance at 254 nm and PICO TAG amino acid analysis using C-18 column (15cmX3.9mm) having high efficiency stationary phase separation suitable for amino acids. Study reveled that Proline, Glutamic acid, Leucine, Valene, Serine, Aspartate, and isoleucine were present in more then 0.1µg essential for exhibiting bioactivity.

Rongxian Xu has 30 years research experience in human nutrition field. She finished her Bachelor degree in the School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical University, China in 1984; and received master degree in Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Harbin Medical University in 1994. To date, she has published over 80 peer reviewed journal articles in human nutrition field. She was a senior member of China Nutrition Society since 1992. She has many overseas visiting experiment, once visiting Curtin University, West Australia,Ulster University, North Ireland, and University of Auckland.She was a member of Nutrition Society of New Zealand since 22 December, 2014.

Metal intake greatly influences physiological development during infancy. For infants, breastmilk is the major route of metal exposure. The metal status of their nursing mothers is affected by lifestyle and nutritional factors. However, the relationship between these factors and breastmilk metal concentration is largely unknown.
The present study provided food frequency questionnaires to be completed by 113 nursing mothers from Fujian Provincial Hospital. Their breastmilk samples were analysed for the metal concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometery (ICP-MS). Based on the outcome of the questionnaires and ICP-MS results, a total of 94 samples were deemed valid for further data analyses.
Results showed levels of breastmilk lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) were outside the reference range from authoritative data. Correlation analyses found Pb levels to negatively associate with dietary fibre intake. Additionally, Fe levels were negatively associated with alcohol and dairy consumption. In terms of Zn levels, it was positively associated with tea and vitamin B1 intake. Zn was also negatively associated with seafood consumption.
The study concluded dietary factors to associate with metal levels within breastmilk. Recommendations were made to increase consumption of dietary fibre, tea and foods rich in vitamin B1 for gestational and postpartum women. Conversely, alcohol consumption continues to be discouraged for this population. Furthermore, careful considerations need to be taken for levels of dairy and seafood intake to minimize metal metabolism disruptions. Infant metal exposure requires critical attention and this needs to be initiated through the diet and lifestyle of their nursing mothers.

Ademola Amosu is a Professor of Public Health/Nutrition. He presently lectures in the Department of Public Health, School of Public and Allied Health, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria. He was formerly of the Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Venda, South Africa. He has published more than 60 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of repute. He has attended and presented papers at local and international conferences worldwide

Methods of food preparation have significant effects on its nutritional quality. In spite of this knowledge, the practices of street food vendors regarding food preparation have not been well documented in literatures. This descriptive cross-sectional study was aimed at investigating food preparation methods and perceived effects on nutritional quality among food vendors in South-Western Nigeria. A semi-structured, pre-tested, interviewer administered questionnaire and observational method, using a check-list, were employed in the collection of data from purposive sample of 1,024 food vendors operating in the study area. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and Chi-square statistics at 95.0% confidence interval. The study revealed that 90.0% of food vendors were females with 73.3% being of Yoruba origin. There was no significant spread in their educational attainments as 21.4 and 35.7% had at least primary and junior secondary school education respectively. The data showed that 55.9% of the food vendors boiled their vegetables before being added to the sauce while 70.9% of them mentioned the use of potash to soften the vegetable during the cooking process. Culture was significantly related to methods of food preparation (p<0.05). Observation showed that almost all food vendors fried cooking oil to ignition point during cooking as a method of food preparation. Much cooking oil was also used in stew and vegetable soup preparations. It was also revealed that 59.4% of the food vendors neither wore aprons nor covered their heads regularly during duty hours while 56.3% of them did not undergo any form of medical examination before starting their food vending business. The results have shown that food preparation practices among street food vendors were devoid of adequate nutrition knowledge and this might affect the nutritional quality and safety of vended foods. Therefore, the need to organize training workshops on basic food preparation methods for food vendors is advocated.

Meriem Mihoub holds an engineering degree and masters in Agronomic Sciences on 2012, and is now a 3rd year PhD student in the department of Botany specialized in Phyto-pathology in the Hight National School of Agronomic Sciences, Algiers Algeria. She is working on “vegetation and biological control of weed cereals” from the same School. Meriem is currently working as a consultant for the program GENBI “Environmental Governance and Biodiversity” with the German Cooperation through its executive agency GIZ in its office in Algiers.

Surveys conducted during 2012 in some olive areas (Blida, Boumerdes and Mascara) in both orchards and nurseries revealed the presence of nine genera of plant-parasitic nematodes.Four among them are considered to be dangerous on oliviers.
Pratylenchus is detected in the majority of areas sampled with a frequency ranging from 12.5% to 71.42%. The Helicotylenchus are present at a frequency of 6.25% to 50% in almost all the studied sites.
Meloidogyne are the most dangerous despite their low frequency of 14.28%, because they are classified in the A2 quarantine list. They only exists in the olive areas of Mascara with a density of 10juveniles/100g of soil which corresponds to the limit of harmfulness of this plant parasitic-nematodes.
Among ectoparasites, Xiphinema are the only dangerous genera because they are virus vectors on citrus.
Other genera such as: Paratylenchus,Telotylenchus, Criconema, Gracilacus and Tylenchorynchus do not present any problems on oliviers and are detected in low densities.